Federal Reserve researchers are asking a very unsexy but important question: if stablecoins and tokenized money are being used like cash, should they count in M1 or M2? The framework says it depends on function, while also flagging messy issues like double-counting and global circulation.
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Tether is pushing back against the BIS, arguing fully reserved stablecoins are safer and more useful than bank-led tokenized deposits. The real battle is over who controls digital dollars: open, reserve-backed money on blockchain rails, or permissioned bank money kept inside the financial system.
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The BIS says stablecoins still don’t meet the test of money at scale, citing weaknesses in stability, interoperability, and compliance — and it’s backing tokenized bank deposits instead. The fight is now open crypto rails versus regulated bank money.
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Swift is moving deeper into blockchain payments as stablecoins and tokenized deposits pressure the old cross-border system. The bigger fight may not be replacement, but whether Swift becomes the bridge connecting banks, chains, and digital money rails.
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A new study says tokenized deposits could make bank funding less stable and trim U.S. lending by $580 billion in a moderate adoption scenario. Faster payments are the upside; higher liquidity costs, pricier loans, and regulatory pushback are the catch.
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U.S. banks are moving ahead with tokenized deposit systems even as Senate crypto rules stall, with JPMorgan, Citi, and others already running live blockchain rails for payments and settlement. The real fight now is whether these networks become interoperable infrastructure or just prettier walled gardens.
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SWIFT says its blockchain-based shared ledger is ready for initial use, with 17 banks set to pilot tokenized deposits and 24/7 cross-border payments. It’s a real step toward faster bank money — but not the same as a fully verified “first live transaction” triumph.
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Swift has moved tokenized deposits from theory to a live test, linking HSBC and Standard Chartered through its blockchain-based ledger while final settlement stayed in the traditional banking system. It’s a small but meaningful step toward interoperable bank money, not full onchain settlement.
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MUFG is testing whether Japanese government bond repo trades can settle on blockchain rails without replacing Japan’s existing securities system. The proof-of-concept explores tokenized deposits or stablecoins for cash, with delivery-versus-payment and no commercial launch date yet.
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Wall Street’s tokenization push is no longer a sideshow: big banks, BlackRock, and the DTCC are building real settlement rails, while stablecoins fight to keep their role in open crypto. The real battle now is control — who owns the money, the flow, and the plumbing.
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